9个步骤成为西方哲学大拿

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How to Become a Western Philosophy Guru

如何成为西方哲学大拿

老蝉翻译原编

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The word "philosophy" means a love of wisdom. ^[1] A philosopher, however, is not just a person who knows a great deal or loves to learn. Rather, the philosopher is one who engages actively in critical thought about big questions that have no obvious answers.^[2]The philosopher's life is not an easy one, but if you delight in exploring complex relationships and thinking deeply about important, but often vexing, topics, the study of philosophy might be your destiny, if there is any such thing.

“哲学”一词指的是对智慧的爱。然而，一个哲学家并不只是一个懂得很多或喜欢学习的人。相反，哲学家是一个对那些没有明显答案的大问题积极地进行批判性思考的人。哲学家的生活并不轻松，但如果你喜欢探索复杂的关系，深入思考重要的、但常常令人烦恼的话题，那么哲学的研究可能就是你的命运，如果有这样的事情的话。

STEP

步骤1

Track down the Meditations by Descartes. Descartes was considered the father of Modern Philosophy. He rationalized and defined the precepts of what can be considered true.

梳理记录下笛卡尔的几大沉思。笛卡尔被认为是现代哲学之父。他对那些可以被认为是真实的观念进行了合理化和定义。

STEP

步骤2

Purchase a copy of Bertrand Russell's, "A History of Western Philosophy" and Will Durant's, The Story of Philosophy and read them cover-to-cover. The specific purpose of these books is to give you a spectrum / timeline and introduction to significant philosophers and how each of them fit in with one another, what was going on in the events and thoughts of their time and of course the basic premise of each of their philosophies and major works on the human mind, politics, economics, morals and ethics.

购买罗素的《西方哲学史》和杜兰特的《哲学的故事》，并从头到尾地完整阅读它们。这些书的目的是给你提供一个哲学谱系及历史时间表，介绍重要的哲学家，以及他们在各自的不同时代发生的事件和产生的思想是如何相互关联的。当然，他们的哲学思想和主要著作都是关于人的思想，政治，经济，道德和伦理的。

STEP

步骤3

Read Plato. It is arguable which of Plato's dialogs are most important, and after you have read Russell or Durant you'll have an idea which ones you want to read. Yet any such list must include Euthyphro, Apology of Socrates and Crito. It is hard to find an idea in philosophy that is not traceable back to Plato. As such, you do yourself a disservice to not start your readings with the father of philosophy. Similarly, you should not neglect his greatest pupil, Aristotle,

whose Nicomachean Ethics stands at the head of all Ethics, and whose Metaphysics stand at the head of all Metaphysics.

读柏拉图。柏拉图论辩式对话是最重要的，在你读过罗素或杜特兰之后，你已经有了你想要读哪些的主意。然而，任何这样的名单都必须包括游叙弗伦篇，苏格拉底申辩篇和克力同篇。在哲学中很难找到一个无法追溯到柏拉图的哲学思想。因此，如果你不从哲学之父开始你的阅读，就会对自己很不利。同样地，你不应该忽视柏拉图最伟大的学生亚里士多德，他的尼各玛可伦理学是所有伦理学的起点，而他的形而上学则是所有形而上学的开端。

STEP

步骤4

After reading the above (without skipping ahead) Next, find a copy of 17th Century Philosopher John Locke's A Letter Concerning Toleration, A Second Letter Concerning Toleration, A Third Letter for Toleration, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Two Treaties of Government. The first and the second to last of these works are considered to be the most important works by John Locke by most.You will gain an insight into understanding and interpretation theories by sensations and a "perfect knowledge" or instinct. note: Thomas Jefferson was heavily influenced by John Locke's ideas and works.

读了上面的内容之后(不要跳过)，接着找到17世纪哲学家约翰洛克的关于宽容的一封信，关于宽容的第二封信，关于宽容的第三封信（《论宽容》），一篇关于人类理解的文章（《人类理解论》）和两份政府的条约（《政府论》）。这些作品倒数第一部和第二部作品被认为是最重要的作品，是约翰洛克最重要的作品。通过感觉和“完全的认知”或直觉，你将获得对理解和解释理论的洞察力。注:托马斯·杰斐逊深受约翰·洛克思想和作品的影响

STEP

步骤5

After you've swallowed that pill you'll need to move onto 18th Century Philosopher David Hume's An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, An Enquiry Concerning The Principles of Morals, and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. There are other great works by David Hume but the three above are typically considered his most significant. David Hume and John Locke go hand-in-hand with one another.

在你吞下那颗药丸后，你需要进入18世纪的哲学家大卫休谟关于人类理解、道德准则以及关于自然宗教的对话。大卫休谟还有其他伟大的作品，但上面的三个作品通常被认为是他最重要的作品。大卫·休谟和约翰·洛克在哲学的经验主义道路上齐头并进。

STEP

步骤6

So much reading, let's add another. It's said when reading about the philosophy of the 17th Century excommunicated Jew, Spinoza you do not read his works, but instead you read about his life. Though there may be a great degree of accuracy in that statement you will need to read the significant work The Ethics. This read should be done slowly and carefully, allowing you to take in the full concepts of his work. You will gain a greater basis on religious views and begin to understand the concept of the natural God that can only work within it's nature. You will also see how philosophy and mathematics are so intertwined. You will learn how to read Spinoza correctly after completing this step.

阅读了这么多，让我们再加一个。据说，当你读到17世纪的被逐出教会的犹太人的哲学时，你不是在读斯宾诺莎的作品，而是在读他的生活。尽管这一声明可能有很大的准确性，但你还是需要阅读他的重要的著作《伦理学》。这一阅读应该缓慢而仔细地完成，让你能够充分理解他的作品。你将会在宗教观点上获得更大的基础，并开始理解自然神的概念，而这种概念只能在自然中起作用。你也会看到哲学和数学是如何相互联系的。在完成这一步骤后，您将学习如何正确地阅读斯宾诺莎。

STEP

步骤7

Voltaire is your next philosopher to read on. It is said he had written 99 volumes in his 84-years, not counting his plays, letters and other works. Luckily you don't have to read them all! Start by reading up on Voltaire. There are hundreds of books you will find on him, his exile, his return to France, his followers and the belief that the "devil was in him."

伏尔泰是你下一个要读的哲学家。据说他在人生的84年时间里写了99卷著作，还不包括他的剧本、信件和其他作品。幸运的是，你不必全部读完！开始阅读伏尔泰的文章，你会在他身上找到数百本书，他的流亡，他回到法国，他的追随者，以及“devil was in him”的信念。

STEP

步骤8

Next you will venture into the complex world of the German Philosopher Kant who virtually owned the 19th century and is considered more influential than even Friedrich Nietzsche. What do you mean Kant mathematically proved that a higher entity must exist? Using both David Hume and John Locke's works in the highest degree against them to prove his theories, this 5'0" tall little man upset and mangled the mathematical and philosophic followers of his era.

接下来，你将进入德国哲学家康德的复杂世界，他实际上拥有被认为在19世纪中比尼采更有影响力的声望。康德在数学上证明了一个更高的实体必须存在意味着什么呢?用休谟和洛克的著作，在最高等级上反对它们来证明他自己的理论，这个身高5英尺的小矮人扰乱了他那个时代的数学和哲学追随者。

STEP

步骤9

Now you're ready to get into 20th century philosophy which can be of either the Continental or Analytical variety. This split represents a polarization of philosophy in the wake of Skepticism and Kant's Transcendentalism. Continental Philosophers: Friedrich Nietzsche, "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" and "Beyond Good and Evil". Søren Kierkegaard, "Either/Or" and "The Sickness Unto Death". Edmund Husserl, father of phenomenology, especially "Philosophical Investigations" or "The Idea of Phenomenology". Martin Heidegger, specifically his magnum opus Being and Time which asks What is being, or what does it mean to be? Jean-Paul Sartre, the father of existentialism, a philosophical system expounded in his Being and Nothingness. Jacques Derrida, especially Of Grammatology. Analytic Philosophers: Bertrand Russell is one of the big players here. Ludwig Wittgenstein's "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus". W.V.O Quine "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" and "Word and Object".

现在你已经准备好进入20世纪的哲学了，它可以是大陆式的，也可以是分析型的。这种分裂代表了哲学在怀疑主义和康德的超验主义之后的两极分化。大陆哲学家：尼采，“查拉图斯特拉如是说”和“善恶的彼岸”。克尔恺郭尔，“非此即彼”，“致死的疾病”。胡塞尔，现象学之父，代表作“哲学研究”或“现象学的观念”。海德格尔，代表作“存在和时间”，追问存在是什么？或存在意味着什么？萨特，存在主义之父——一个关于存在和虚无的哲学体系。德里达，代表作《论文字学》。分析哲学家：罗素是这里的大玩家之一。路德维希维特根斯坦的“逻辑哲学论”。蒯因，“经验主义的两个教条”和“语词和对象”。

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